Metadrama In Shakespeare Essay -- essays research papers fc

‘Shakespeare’s plays reflect not life but art.’ Make use of this remark in writing an essay on Shakespeare’s use of Metadrama. Shakespeare constantly plays with metadrama and the perception of his plays as theatre and not life with the complications inherent that in life we all play roles and perceive life in different ways. The play has recognition of its existence as theatre, which has relevance to a contemporary world that is increasingly aware of precisely how its values and practices are constructed and legitimised through perceptions of reality. Critic Mark Currie posits that metadrama allows its readers a better understanding of the fundamental structures of narrative while providing an accurate model for understanding the contemporary experience of the world as a series of constructed systems. From this quote metadrama can be said to openly question how narrative assumptions and conventions transform and filter reality, trying to ultimately prove that no singular truths or meanings exist. In respect to the plays of Shakespeare, critic John Drakakis supports this notion arguing that Julius Caesar may be read as a kind of metadrama: by figuring Caesar, Brutus, Cassius and others as actors, self consciously fashioning Roman politics as competing theatrical performances the play enacts the representation of itself to ideology, and of ideology to subjectivity. Moreover if the subjects within the fiction of Julius Caesar are radically unstable by virtue of their representations then so is the theatre whose function is to st age this instability. This means that Julius Caesar fits within this essay’s definitions of Shakespeare’s work reflecting art not life, but also if we are to think of life in terms of people playing roles within their lives where ‘All the world’s a stage’ , and perceiving reality in a myriad different ways then theatre reflects life reflecting art - a complication that students of Shakespeare would expect the Bard to enjoy. Feste in Twelfth Night exemplifies this notion, â€Å"Nothing that is so is so† (Act IV scene i, line 8) Shakespeare uses Feste to foreground the artificiality of the complex theater and language systems that the audience absorbs, saying, ‘Nothing that seems real is how you perceive it’. It is a metadramatic irony that Shakespeare uses the fool to do this. Wor... ...es artful language systems with the use of alliteration (‘r’ sounds) and puns (eyes, I) which is obviously artistic expression and unlike real life, foregrounding the theatrical systems to the audience and allowing them to enjoy the magical/unreal theme. This essay has examined the various CRITIC Patricia Waugh also provides a comprehensive definition by describing metafiction as "fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality" BIBLIOGRAPHY Scholes, Robert. "Metafiction." Metafiction. Ed. Mark Currie. New York: Longman, 1995 (Shakespeare’s Tragedies - ‘Fashion It Thus, Julius Caesar and the politics of representation’ John Drakakis, MacMillan Press London 1998) (Jefferson. Ann. "Patricia Waugh, Metafiction The Theory and Practice of Self-conscious Fiction." Poetics Today. 7:3 (1986): 574-6.) Hamlet, New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series. Ed. Bernard Lott Longman Group Ltd 1970 The Complete Oxford Shakespeare, Oxford University Press 1987 Suffolk Ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor

Do You Think Mankind Is Born Evil or Good?

Do you believe that mankind is born good or evil? I believe that mankind are born to be good, but to be taught good or evil as they grow up. It depends on how their life was or how their parents taught and treated them. There is no such as thing being born evil only being born innocent. When people are born into this world, they are born innocent and new. Innocence, to me can be seen as good. They are babies, knowing nothing, not even evil . Then they grow and learn and begin to think about behavior.The things they are taught as they are young, and the people they know do much to shape their personalities and awareness. People become aware of what is good or bad partly through experience and mistakes in early stages of childhood development, partly through what they are taught, and partly through their own conscience telling them. If you think back to the first punishment you remember having, do remember why it happened? Do you think what you did was evil? Evil has to do with the hea rt and mind choices we make in thought and in deed.I believe that we are all born innocent, but are able of giving in to evil, especially in weak moments. Those who continue fighting against that evil, no matter how hard it may be or how many times we may fail, are still fighting the good fight. As I have expressed through my paper, mankind is not born evil, but they are born innocent. Not knowing a thing, good or evil. Evil grows in you as you grow up and make mistakes in your childhood. Trying to fight the bad and attempting to be good is innocent. Most bad or evil choices are made by your conscience. So Mankind is not born evil, but good.

The Harlem Children s Zone - 885 Words

Assuaging poverty is one of the gist missions of the Harlem Children’s Zone. In the United States today, exceeding â€Å"13 million† children live in poverty. We understand that children, who experience the backlash of poverty, often live in an unpleasantly conditions, unstable homes, and are at a great distance less likely than other children to get a favorable education and/or sufficient health care. The exposure to life of poverty more often limits learning abilities; bringing about the inability of getting the best jobs and earning maximum income, making it impossible for them to live up to their full potential, which will more like result in imprisonment. To eliminate the behavioral deficiencies associated with poverty, the Harlem Children’s Zone organized a pipeline of programs. The eagerly desirous of achieving the mission of the Harlem Children’ Zone is to discontinuity the succession of poverty in an entire vicinity, coaching every child lacking sufficient money to accomplish their goals by the means of achieving adequate college education. Geoffrey Canada had a vision, which is to restore a geographical area embedded by poverty by guarding the children on track of success. Although many years has past, the Harlem Children’s Zone has developed a plan of action in one of the most devastated neighborhood in America. An adjacency with a child poverty rate greater the national average, the program is intended to reduce to the smallest possible degree the threat ofShow MoreRelatedHarlem Children s Zone Promise Academy Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity members, administration and policy makers. In order to provide equitable education all learners must be taken into consideration when designing curriculum, lessons, courses and school structure. Harlem Children’s Zone Promise Academy II high school is a charter school in the middle of Harlem, New York. The students come from areas all over the five boroughs and even New Jersey to become a part of the HCZ organization. The school promises that if the students stay in school they will graduateRead MoreJournalism Has Significant Impact On Politics955 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Harlem Success Academy and a public school for building space. This movie was made in the main idea that public schools have failed the children and that charter schools are providing children with better education. It is true that Harlem Success Academy has achieved amazing result with their educating method as mentioned in the video by Ms. Eva Moskowitz, the founder and CEO of Success Academy Charter Schools, â€Å"100% of the students got an A on the practice exam, while other school zones onlyRead MoreThe Movie Juice 2147 Words   |  9 Pages In the film Juice, there were f our black teenage boys named Que, Raheem, Steals, and Bishop. They lived in Harlem, New York, were poverty has been an issue the past few decades. In Harlem there was a lot of crime, gang activity, drug abuse, shooting, and homicides among the black community. Each of the young men were living in a single parent household in a worn down neighborhood where they faced conflict with other local gang members from different racial backgrounds. Que was a localRead MoreSigmund Freud s Personality Theory1649 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud was born on May 06 in a small town of Freiberg in Moravia. He was one of nine children. After several years of remaining in that small town, it is now called Czechoslovakia. From an early age Freud had many career choices but being of Jewish heritage limited his efforts. Freud and his daughter Anna were given permission to leave the Nazi-occupied city. When beginning, Freud sought fame and created theories that he hoped would surpass all others. Freud invented psychoanalysis inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lesson1203 Words   |  5 PagesBambara’s â€Å"The Lesson† was published in 1972. Bambara wants to show not just the inequality that was widening and separating people in the 1970’s but also how it limits the worldview of the children growing up in poverty. Bambara also shows the effect that learning about it would have on the children. This piece of fiction tells the story of a group of children being shown an unfortunate truth about their world by a more knowledgeable teacher. Bambara uses rhetorical appeals, dialect, symbolism, andRead MoreThe Value Of Two Dollars2042 Words   |  9 Pages What is the value of two dollars? To some, this ‘small’ amount of money doesn’t cross their mind as their bank accounts are much larger. On the contrary, â€Å"over six percent of the US population, including 7.1 million children,† (Brookings source 1) rely on this amount of money each day to provide food, water, shelter, medicine, education, and more for themselves and often times, their loved ones. Citizens in the United States under these conditions have been described as living in ‘absolute poverty’Read MoreEssay about Transformation of Homewood West Community2050 Words   |  9 Pagessocial classes were that of a stable neighborhood; the upper middle class, the working class family, and the poor. This would change drastically over the next century when a massive influx of African-Americans migrated into Homewood. By the early 1960’s, Homewood was 70 percent black (Allegheny DHS 2010). The riots that took place after the Martin Luth er King assassination, caused damage to businesses which led to the failure of the railroad system, making this the main reason the change in demographicsRead MoreMartin Luther King Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesChurch, as was his father before him. M.L., as he was called, lived with his parents, his sister and brother in Atlanta. Their home was not far from the church his father preached at. M.L.s mother and father taught their children what would become an important part of M.L.s life - to treat all people with respect. Martins father worked hard to break down the barriers between the races. His father believed African-Americans should register their complaints by votingRead MoreEducational Leaders And Public Policymakers4023 Words   |  17 PagesChild- Parent Centers indicate that children who attended preschool were comparatively ahead in early reading and math skills (Barnett M. N., 2013). Similar studies have also revealed that depending upon various factors; such as preschool quality, social class and race, educational boost can continue through K-12 and well into adulthood. Various studies have shown that high-quality preschool saves schools and states money, and provide long-term benefits to children and communities (Magnuson, 2013;Read MoreGentrification Of Harlem For Gentrification2211 Words   |  9 PagesBritish Sociologist Ruth Glass to describe the movement of middle class families in urban areas causing the property value to increase and displacing the older settlers. Over the past decades, gentrification has been refined depending on the neighborhood s economic, social and political context. According to Da vidson and Less’ definition, a gentrified area should include investment in capital, social upgrading, displacement of older settlers and change in the landscape (Davidson and Lees, 2005).Gentrification

Conservation vs Preservation - 960 Words

Conservation Versus Preservation Today, millions of acres of land in our nation have been fortunate enough to not be disrupted by the touch of man. Around the nation it is also always on debate about using the natural resources of those untouched lands to benefit the economy and man in some way. However, there are many who oppose doing this and there are also those who believe we should harness those resources, but in a way that is not damaging. These two beliefs are called conservation and preservation and are very different in the way people look at the land. Preservation refers to leaving the land and all the natural wildlife and plant life alone and not disturbing the natural beauty and natural cycle of life in the environment.†¦show more content†¦Silverstein (2012), â€Å"Democrats on the House Committee on Natural Resources, however, are taking a high-profile position in opposition to what they say are watered-down rules that allow natural gas producers to avoid publicly disclosing the chemicals the y use to drill† (para. 4). Preserving what natural land we have left now is very important and we should not let it be destroyed or even altered even the slightest in anyway. We have national forests like Bridger-Teton to remind us of what the world use to be like to ensure that we maintain a healthy environment for the nation. Simply conserving them is not enough; we need to preserve them for generations to come so that wildlife may flourish and so that we are always reminded of how important our natural environment is. References Dayton, K. (2012, June 4). Public weighs in on Bridger-Teton National Forest drilling proposal. Star-Tribune. Retrieved from http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/public-weighs-in-on-bridger-teton-national-forest-drilling-proposal/article_58e689c2-a8dd-51a4-967b-a52acccd3428.html Gas 2. (2013). Retrieved from http://gas2.org/2013/09/20/fracking-george-washington-national-forest/ Silverstein, K. (2013). Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2013/09/06/obama-trying-to-escape-political-fallout-from-natural-gas-fracking-proposals/ United States Department ofShow MoreRelatedConservation vs. Preservation894 Words   |  4 PagesConservation Versus Preservation Letter to the Editor NAME SCI/275 Environmental Science February 10, 2013 Instructor Name Letter to the Editor Dear Editor, I am writing to you in regard to the Bridger -Teton National Forest. It is â€Å"the largest intact ecosystem in the lower 48 United States. Offering nearly 1.2 million acres of designated Wilderness, over 3,000 miles of road and trail and thousands of miles of unspoiled rivers and streams.† (USDA Forest Service) I amRead MoreConservation vs. Preservation Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Conservation vs Preservation SCI/275 03/09/14 Peter Kennedy Dear Editor, I am writing to you today because of the Bridger Teton National Forest. I am reaching out to you and appealing to you as a conservationist. I believe that this large area of land can be very useful because of the resources it can provide. It can provide gas and oil so this way we don’t have to be dependent on it from others around the world. We don’t have to rely on foreign sources when itRead MoreThe Bald Eagle And Amur Leopard3039 Words   |  13 Pagesanimal population decline. Progression could be the biggest factor to the endangerment and extinction of different species. Construction and manufacture destroys their habitats, which causes the species to migrate to another habitat. The safety and preservation of endangered and threatened species improved when legislature and the world took a stand to protect their beloved animals. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, or ESA, was a law passed by Congress on December 28, 1973 for the protection of threatenedRead MoreForest Conservation Research Paper1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a program administered by the Farm Service Agency (FSA) under the United States Department of Agriculture. The United States Department of Agriculture was created by President Abraham Lincoln, the U.S.D.A was originally created to do research. The Hatch Act further expanded the powers and funding of the U.S.D.A.. According to Free Agriculture Restore Markets (2017) â€Å"today the USDA governs the way millions of Americans are fed daily, controls what foodRead MoreHunting : An Effective Tool For Wildlife Management And Preservation Of Wildlife1577 Words   |  7 Pagesthe management and preservation of wildlife not only through the hunting itself, but also by the money generated by hunters that is used for this purpose. Hunting has existed si nce the dawn of time and continues to play a key role in providing people with the food they need to survive. Hunting plays many important roles in our world and has been a very effective tool for wildlife management and hopefully will continue to be. Hunting plays a vital role in the conservation of wildlife. ManyRead More Christians and the Environment Essays1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe ever-increasing pollution, the deforestation, and the threat of nuclear waste. Taking responsibility for the environment is a duty that Christians should commit to. In fact, Christians should lead the world in taking specific actions in the preservation and restoration of the environment. Some environmentalists have blamed Christianity for the abuse of the environment. The 1967 article by Lynn White suggests that Christianity’s theology of the domination of creation is based on the premise thatRead MoreThe Between Humans And Animals1461 Words   |  6 Pages often even more than conservation organizations themselves. Without commercial hunting, there would be few, if any at all, â€Å"publicly owned land to hike, bike, bird-watch, dog-walk, horseback ride, or generally gambol around on if regulated hunting did not exist† (Amrhein, n.d.). The funds taken in from hunting license fees pay for the vast amounts of land that contribute to animal conservation. Oddly enough, outdoor huntsman are actually the primary source of conservation funding by far in the UnitedRead MoreThe Case Of Minnesota Vs. Mille Lacs Band Of Ojibwes1618 Words   |  7 Pageson the majority and minority Supreme Court opinions in the 1998 case of Minnesota vs. Mille Lacs Band of Ojibw es, as well as how this case confirmed the 1837 treaty rights of the Wisconsin Chippewa bands. After the book has been published, a lot of arguments occurred, leading up to the cause in 1998. The first part of this introduction will include a brief overview of the years, leading up to the case of Minnesota vs. Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwes, in 1998. In 1990, the Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa IndiansRead MoreRight For Hunt Vs. Animal Rights955 Words   |  4 PagesRight to Hunt vs. Animal Rights On the topic of Animal Rights, subjects such as hunting can be addressed clearly as an unnecessary sport by many animal rights groups, however Jim Amrhein of The Daily Reckoning has brought to light many valuable points on the right to hunt. According to the Daily Reckoning website, the publication is a daily stock market observation stressing the economy, world politics, and travel. Mr. Amrhein reveals various statistics not only for the right to hunt, but also factsRead MoreWater Scarcity in Michigan Essay example688 Words   |  3 PagesHouse Bill 6443 was introduced in 2010 to keep well water withdrawal from being taxed, but â€Å"instead, an owner would have to get permission from the state to use well water† (House Bill 6443, 2010). The intention of this bill was to encourage water conservation without taxing the private use of water. Within the bill it says to also refer to bill 5319 which â€Å"gives a property owner a right to the reasonable use of ground water, to the extent this does not diminish the ability of neighbors to obtain water†

Thesis on Marketing Unhealthy Food for Children - 615 Words

There is presently much controversy regarding the idea of unhealthy foods and how companies shamelessly market these products to children. Individuals in the food and beverage industry constantly promote the belief that they are actively involved in providing society with important information concerning what is healthy and what is not. Moreover, most promote their products as having no negative effects on individuals who consume them, as doing otherwise would surely reflect badly on their businesses. It is generally known that children are vulnerable because they have very little experience in filtering information and food companies take advantage of this by introducing diverse methods to promote their products even with the fact that it is likely for children to get sick as a consequence. Many influential bodies in the food industry openly exploit children by presenting them with alluring commercials in an attempt to get them to develop interest in certain products. Advertising directed to children, particularly on television, is heavily populated by commercials for foods that pose adiposity and related health risks for children when consumed in abundance (Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth 2 301). Taking this into account, it would appear that the social order is practically being forced to stand by and watch as children are used as a tool to sell products. While it is surely troubling to acknowledge that children are being used as aShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity663 Words   |  3 PagesA. Thesis Statement Obesity can happen to anyone for many reasons and it can be reversed many different ways. There are several causes for obesity in America, including fast- food restaurants and their marketing, hereditary obesity, and people reacting to the stereotypes in the media that you must be beautiful to be accepted. A. Supporting Evidence More and more Americans are becoming obese every single day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“More than half of Americans are overweight, including 1 out of 5 children. NearlyRead MoreMarketing Food for Children: Healthy Food Versus Junk Food1115 Words   |  5 PagesThought for food. Healthy food versus Junk food We are what we eat! Fast food eto eda dlya vreda! Topic: (lets think of nice topic, if this is not good) Marketing food for children: Healthy food versus Junk Food Thesis: The marketing of junk food to children is harmful and should be restricted because children lack  of ability to independently  make  informed and practical  nutrition decisions that lead to sound long-term eating habits. Nowadays children are growing up in a junk-food world. ToRead MoreMarketing For Children s Brand Preferences1990 Words   |  8 Pages Marketing to children Name: Avishan Rafati Date: July 26/2016 Professor: Dr. Timothy MacNeill Course code: SOCI 1000 Marketers spend huge amounts of dollars a year globally persuading individuals into consumer lifestyles that has had consequences of wastefulness and buying things we do not need (Beder, 1998). Advertisements exploit people’s securities, create false needs and offer dishonest solutions. The bottom line of advertisements is the creation of dissatisfaction to causeRead MoreShould Parents Loose Custody Of Their Extremely Obese Kids? Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Bonnie Rochman argues that for the well-being of children the state should take them into their care, but Mike Adams states that for the well-being of children the government itself must make changes; it is clear that both the people and the government must change to help the children of today produce a healthy and happy environment. I. In the article, â€Å"Should parents loose custody of their extremely obese kids?†, Bonnie Rochman’s (2011) opinion states that obese children should be takenRead More2.08 body paragraph Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagessmoother than all other cars in its category         Yes, because it reviewed almost everything on the car and it told me the negatives and positives of it.          Internet link to the advertisement   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m5St2H7Cb0 A food or beverage   that seems healthy   This document uses logos by explaining that yogurt can help against gum disease.         This document uses pathos by saying that by consuming yogurt it boosts health and your immune system. This has to make someoneRead MoreThe Long Term Nature Of Health Choice Interventions1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe data needs, organizational and demonstrating challenges and policy fact issues. These research challenges, could further enhance nutrition and obesity, economic studies that can be used to project and implement effective policy interventions. Thesis statement: A key challenge is to determine the long-term nature of health choice interventions, which makes it difficult to obtain rational solutions to America’s obesity problems. As an example, health beliefs are characterized by an individualRead MoreEating Environments Contribute to Obesity1692 Words   |  7 PagesFood and eating environments contribute to the increase in cases of not only obesity also chronic diseases.Its a basic necessity of a child in their growing age to have a nutritious and healthy deit because of its delicious taste. However as it has been witness eating habits have shifted alaramingly over the last couple of decades. Fast foods such as burgers, pizzas,subways and many more are now commonly consumed foods in almost every household all over Pakistan now. Such foods originated in theRead MoreMarketing Assignment3297 Words   |  14 PagesMarketing plan A/Executive summary In the context of economy, people are busier. Some people don’t have enough time to prepare meals at home; fast food may be one of the best choices instead of going expensive restaurant. Therefore, the company is going to open a fast food restaurant in Hanoi. The company buys a fast-food franchise of McDonald. McDonald’s corporation is the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurants; the company sells hamburgers, French fries, chicken, etc. There are manyRead MoreFactors Contributing Factors That Causes Obesity Among Children Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the causes of obesity among children in New Zealand? Introduction Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height (Mayo Clinic, 2014). According to Sameera and Amar childhood obesity is a major public health crisis nationally and internationally, which arises because of the differences in lifestyle consequences among different cultural people in New Zealand (2012). This abnormality can cause various healthRead MoreJunk Foods And Childhood Obesity1916 Words   |  8 Pages Junk Foods Bongbong Alfaro DeVry University Prewriting What is your narrowed topic? Be detailed in your answer. You can use any of the versions you’ve developed for prior assignments. Junk Foods are huge contributor to obesity and other diseases. Who is your primary audience or reader? Why? Be detailed in your answer about your audience. Young or old, rich or poor are the primary audience in my topic because they are the consumers who been deceived by companies that misleading

Impact of Parenting Style on Adolescent Development Free Essays

In today’s society, the development of adolescence is a significant matter. In previous generations, self-discipline and strict obedience was critical; â€Å"The style of parenting practiced in the past was seen as critical to provide children with the self-discipline required by societies in which strict obedience to authority was expected from citizens,† (Holloway, 2003, p. 314). We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Parenting Style on Adolescent Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Authoritarian parenting style was the most common. According to Holloway, 2003, the parenting style is highly influential to an adolescent’s behaviour, in the new generation.There are three basic styles of parenting; authoritative, authoritarian and permissive style. These styles have positive and negative aspects. Authoritative parenting is viewed to be a well-balanced style, â€Å"characterized by warmth, support, acceptance, and indirect positive control of the children,† (Holloway, 2003, p. 321). However, authoritarian style is more parental control and uses punishments. It is still a common form of parenting used in today’s generation. It is distinguished by harsh discipline, rigidity, and perfectionism, which rather continues to affect the children adversely.In contrast, permissive parenting is a very negligent style. The parents do not take a big role in the child’s life. Children raised by permissive parents tend to be more irresponsible, impulsive, and immature. All of these three parenting styles may have negative impacts on adolescence, and â€Å"they can all cause problematic behaviours,† (Ambert, 2007). Of the three styles, authoritarian parenting is the most ineffective method of child rearing because it creates problematic behaviours such as rebellion, aggression, and low self-esteem in adolescents. Dr.Anne-Marie Ambert, 2007, carefully analyzed different problematic behaviours during certain periods of a lifetime. She remarked that there’s been a gradual increase in the number of adolescents exhibiting problematic behaviours. Such behaviours leave a big impact on the families and the society, but ironically, it is also the reverse. The causes of problematic behaviours, such as rebellion, are the parental controls of these adolescents. Rebellion goes under the category of negative and disruptive acts and traits. Low impulse control, lying, temper tantrums, talking back, poor academic performances, are examples of rebellion. Adolescence is a stage of child development growing into adulthood. In this stage, the child experiences biological, cognitive, and emotional changes. Their development of identity is governed by the question of â€Å"who am I? † In the minds of these adolescents, the respect and discipline is not encouraged, and rather they want to be independent and separated from any authority figures. It is the parents’ role to guide and support the child’s development effectively. However, excessive parental control may misguide the child’s development and the child may create negative feelings against the parent or any authority figures.These negative feelings gradually build up, and as more pressure is applied, it leads to rebellion. The adolescents desire independence, self-control and individuation. Parental control ranges from excessive to insufficient control, and researches have been made throughout the past to distinguish the different forms. Steinberg, 1990, stated that the primary distinctions are between psychological control and behavioral control. Psychological control negatively affects children’s psychological world through the parents’ attempts to control the children. The psychological control undermines psychosocial development by interfering with children’s ability to become independent and develop a healthy sense of self and personal identity,† (Steinberg, 1990). In contrast, behavioral control refers to the rules, regulations, and restrictions that parents have for their children. Diana Baumrid described the different parenting styles and state that authoritative parents, who have firm rules for their children’s behavior, use a great deal of behavioral control but little psychological control.In contrast, authoritarian parents use both. This proves that authoritarian parenting use excessive control which could lead to excessive rebellion of the child. Severe rebellion would lead to the next following category of problematic behaviours, aggression. Aggression is the second level of problematic behaviours. Ambert, 2007, observed the aggressive acts, such as fighting, which leads to intimidation, harassment and delinquency, such as sexual assaults, murder, drugs, shoplifting, use of alcohol, etc. These problematic behaviours also negatively affect the society.Its impact would be much more extreme than those of rebellion. Adolescents may tend to express their anger through aggression, resulting from the stress they receive from their parents. This is a form of displacement and/or projection, as described in Sigmund Freud’s theory of defense mechanism. ‘Overly harsh parenting, often leads to aggressive behavior in children, leading children to join antisocial peer groups, further heightening their aggressiveness. This, in turn, may provoke harsher parenting, leading to further aggressiveness in the child, and so on,† (Steinberg, 1990).As the adolescents portray these certain behaviours, the authoritarian parents would force physical punishments, which may also be a form of aggression. Such punishments would strongly influence adolescents to be aggressive as well. â€Å"In a study, Duman Margolin (2007) analyze children’s interpretation of their parents’ interpersonal perspective, principally their parents’ aggression. Historically, there is the suggestion that parent’s aggression can affect the children’s own social problem-solving proficiency,† (Lamprecht, 200 7). This is a partial reason to why physical punishment is not recommended in today’s North American society.Aggression should not be used as the form of a conflict resolution. Adolescents do not exhibit aggressive problematic behaviours because they’re not aware of the disciplines; they do so because they use it as a form of rebellion towards their parents, and a displacement of their stress and anger from their parents. â€Å"Research has shown that aspects of children’s behavior and psychological development are linked to the style of parenting with which they have been raised,† (Steinberg, 1990). Low self-esteem is another impact of authoritarian parenting. Children who experience this type of parenting feel rejected by their parents. Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to have more problems with psychological adjustment,† (Holloway, 2003). In other words, adolescents feel neglected by their parents. â€Å"Most definitions of self-esteem share a common theme of self-evaluation, and indeed many researchers define self-esteem as evaluative beliefs about one’s self,† (Gecas, 1971; 1972; Kawash, Kerr, Clewes, 1985; Openshaw, Thomas, Rollins, 1981). Adolescence is a critical stage in which a child develops their identity.They need the well-balanced support and the ability to be independent. Authoritarian parents rather forces punishment on their child, leaving the child to feel insecure and self-critical, and weaken their self-confidence. This would result in difficult adaptation to the society. Parents and family is one of the agents of socialization, and it is the important factor in the stage of adolescence. Moderate discipline promotes self-esteem, whereas â€Å"many argue that excessive parental control (discipline) is linked to low self-esteem,† (Litovsky Dusek, 1986; Openshaw et al. 1984). In conclusion, adolescence is the most important and difficult stage of parenting, and their roles are significant in the child’s development. It is the stage on child development, marking the turning point in the parent-child relationship. Also, it is the most important stage to develop one’s identity. â€Å"Of the many different relationships we form over the course of the life span, the relationship between parent and child is among the most important,† (Steinberg, 1990). How does the parent-child relationship change during adolescence?Which types of discipline are most effective? These are some of the questions that theorists and researchers examine in child development. As mentioned before, of the three types of parenting styles, authoritarian is the most ineffective. â€Å"Research shows that over time, adolescents who have been reared authoritatively continue to show more success in school, better psychological development, and fewer behavior problems than their counterparts from other types of homes,† (Steinberg, 1990).It is very important that parents meet the child’s desires under certain limits in order to maintain a good parent-child relationship. Parents must understand that their child is going through the phase of identifying themselves and gradually go through adolescence into the adulthood. Parents should assist their children in their development, with the awareness of their children’s cognitive and emotional changes, rather than forcing and demanding them to meet the parents’ expectations. How to cite Impact of Parenting Style on Adolescent Development, Papers

World Civilization and History

Question: Describe about the Comparison between the Byzantine Empire and Mongolian Empire? Answer: Introduction World history has witnessed the rise and fall of a number of large, medium and small empires. Among those empires the researcher here opts for two of the very influential empires the Byzantine Empire and the Mongolian Empire for a comparative study. On one hand, the Byzantine Empire which is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire was dominated by the Greek speaking population of the eastern part of the Roman Empire. This empire was dominant during the middle ages and the Late Antiquity (ArieÃÅ'â‚ ¬s Duby, 1987). This empire survived during the 5th century fragmentation and also the fall of the Western Roman Empire and it further continued to survive for almost another thousand years till it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 (Gibbon Low, 1960). During the existence of this empire, it was generally extremely powerful and in every aspect including economic, cultural or military forces in Europe (Franzius, 1967). On the other hand, the Mongolian Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries. This empire is considered to be largest contiguous land empire in the entire history. The empire extended from the steppes of Central Asia moved across the Central Europe till the Sea of Japan. It further extended across Siberia in the north, the Indian subcontinent, Iranian Plateau in the east and the south and towards the west it extended till Arabia. Comparison between the Byzantine Empire and the Mongolian Empire There are a number of strategies that both these empires undertook in order to create or expand their territories or to maintain or defend their rule. On a closer look it might be observed that there were a few categories under which the two empires namely the Byzantine Empire and the Mongolian Empire were similar. The Creation of the two empires The great civilization of the Byzantine Empire originated during 330 AD. During this time the Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to form a new Rome on the site of the old Greek colony of Byzantium. The term Byzantine was derived from the word Byzantium which was a Greek colony that was founded by a person by the name Byzas. This place was located at the European side of Bosporus which was a strait that linked the Black sea with the Mediterranean. The position of the city of Byzantine was such that it served as the transit point for major continents o Europe and Asia Minor. During 330 A.D. Constantine I who was the Roman Empire at that point of time chose this place as the new capitol as named it as Constantinople (VasilÊÂ ¹ev, 1952). Taking a look at the Mongol Empire, it can be observed that the creation of the Empire was a slow and difficult process which began with the amalgamation of the Mongol and Turkic tribes that inhabited the Mongolian Steppes. In the area of Steppes, Temjin emerged as a very magnetic leader and who gradually gained followers before he became a nkhr (companion or vassal) (Franke Twitchett, 2008). Toghril who was the Khan of the Kereits, was another very dominant tribe in Central Mongolia. With regard to the services of Toghril, the talents of Temjin allowed him to become one of the significant leaders of the Mongol tribes. Ultimately, the increase of power of Temjin gave rise to jealously among the people and finally Temujin and Toghril took different parts and this lead to a battle. This fight became stronger during 1203 and eventually Temjin emerged as a leader. By 1206 Temjin had unified the tribes of Mongolia and formed a single supra-tribe which is called the Khamag Mongol Ulus or the All Mongol State (Allsen, 1997). With the formation of the new state the social structure was reorganized and for that Temjin dissolved the old tribal lines and regrouped them to form an army based on the decimal system. Additionally, Temjin was also successful in instilling a strong sense of discipline into the army. By the end of 1204 Temjin had defeated the main rivals but it was only after 1206 that the followers recognized Temujin as the only ruler and granted him the title of Chenggis Khan. Hence with regard to the creation of the empires there existed a huge dissimilarity between the Byzantine Empire and the Mongolian empire. Nevertheless, there are few strategic similarities between the two empires. The Defense of the two empires When the military tactics of the two empires are followed thoroughly it can be observed that there were quite a few similarities between the two empires (ArieÃÅ'â‚ ¬s Duby, 1987). With regard to the Byzantine Empire it can be observed that this empire always maintained a very high and sophisticated military army that survived from ancient times. This army relied on a number of things for success such as discipline, knowledge of strategies and a very well-organized support system (Franzius, 1967). The very essential part of the maintenance and spread of the experience of the military was the traditional histories along with the various treaties and manuals for practice (Gibbon Low, 1960). This tradition in the military that began during this time was extended back to the Aeneas who was popularly known as the Tactician and the Xenophon. It further extended to the Eastern Roman military manuals which adapted the working of the ancient authors more specifically the works of Aelian and Onasander. The Mongol military tactics and organization enabled the Mongol Empire to conquer nearly all of continental Asia, the Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe. Looking at the Mongolian empire it can be observed that the original basis of the military system of the Mongolian Empire could be considered as the extension of their nomadic style of the Mongolians. There were a number of new elements that was invented by Chenggis Khan and his successors (Franke Twitchett, 2008). New technologies were invented by the rulers to make even more useful attacks on the enemies. Attack fortifications were learnt by the generals and the armies from the different cultures and other foreign technical experts were well-versed with the command structures (Sermier, 2002). During most of the part of the 13th century it was observed that in most of the battles they utilized these strategies and also won most of the battles that they fought using these strategies. They always turned the result of the battles in their favor. Also, it should be noted that in most of the battles that they won the opposite armies were quite large and powerful. Nonetheless, their first defeat took place during the year 1223 at the Battle of Samara Bend in the hands of the Volga Bulgars (Sermier, 2002). Their second defeat came during the Battle of Ain Jalut in the year 1260. This time however, the opposite army was tactically trained by them and they used their tactics against them. The above facts show that both the Byzantine and the Mongolian armies were extremely disciplined and can be compared to the modern day warfare. Both the armies of the two empires understood how to conduct campaigns and avoid fighting individual battles till death. These empires initiated the art of operational techniques however, at that point of time they did not codify the techniques. The Maintenance of the two empires With regard to the maintenance of two empires one very significant similarity between the two empires is that the Byzantines and the Mongols were both great combat engineers. In fact the Romans are considered to be the best combat engineers that the world has ever seen. Another strategic similarity between the two empires is the use of fear. Historians claim that in most cases the Mongolians tried to induce fear into the minds of their enemies. The success of the tactics that the Mongolians generally resorted to was the use of fear that tried to induce capitulation in the population in the enemy land (Allsen, 1997). The Byzantine empire strategies were also similar. However, the inducement of fear was a more natural phenomenon with the enemy states. Due to the fear of the armies of the Byzantine empire most of the enemies lost half their battles before the battle started. Hence these three are the essential strategic similarities between the two great empires that existed in modern history. Conclusion After a brief study of the two empires that existed in history it can be concluded that one very common thing between the two empires other than the strategic similarities were that both the empires were extremely influential. Modern history has been greatly affected by the different techniques and strategies that these two empires have undertaken during their reigns. Nevertheless, if the powers of both the empires were calculated in the situation of a combat between the two empires the chances of the Mongols defeating the Romans were more. This is because the coordination and synchronization of forces among the Mongolians were far stronger as compared to the Roman of the Byzantine forces. References Allsen, T. (1997).Commodity and exchange in the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ArieÃÅ'â‚ ¬s, P., Duby, G. (1987).A history of private life. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Franke, H., Twitchett, D. (2008).The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Franzius, E. (1967).History of the Byzantine Empire. New York: Funk Wagnalls. Gibbon, E., Low, D. (1960).The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Sermier, C. (2002).Mongolia. Hong Kong: Odyssey. VasilÊÂ ¹ev, A. (1952).History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.