City of Bones Essay Topics

City of Bones Essay TopicsCity of Bones essay topics can take the form of many different things. It may be an essay about what your focus is on in regards to your chosen topic. In some cases it may be a generalized type of essay about things that can happen in the world of literature.Whatever it is that you want to do for your essay, it needs to be done properly. There are some things that you want to avoid and there are also some things that you will want to make sure that you do not overlook. The following article will be looking at some of the tips and techniques that you will want to use when doing a City of Bones essay topic.The first thing that you want to do is to determine exactly what the type of essay that you want to write is going to be. If it is going to be about a specific subject then you should decide on what that subject is going to be. Once you have figured out exactly what the topic is, you need to make sure that you are covering all of the different elements of th e subject in a certain essay. This can be a little harder to do than it may seem because people tend to skip over the details that they do not understand.City of Bones essay topics often need to deal with a lot of different aspects of life that are completely unrelated to each other. These aspects can include topics that are totally unrelated to one another as well as those that are related. It is important that you cover everything that you can about each of these different aspects.City of Bones essay topics also usually need to deal with topics that are very generic. It is important that you do not simply stick to the topic of horror and then come up with general topics that are unrelated to horror. Even though there is a specific place in the world of literature where this specific type of writing is popular, there are many other places where this particular type of writing is used as well.City of Bones essay topics also often need to deal with topics that do not have any type of universal or widely accepted rules to them. It is a little more difficult to work with a topic like this because most people are not familiar with the world of literature. If you were to take a list of all of the general topics that people write about, you would notice that there are many books and movies that cover these topics.City of Bones essay topics that need to be somewhat specific. You will find that they can be harder to write about if you need to make your topic quite specific because a lot of people know the name of this book. This is not to say that they do not know that it is about a horror story but they still know the name of the author of the book.City of Bones essay topics can vary from being too general to being too detailed. It is important that you choose a balance between the two. You should make sure that the topics that you choose are ones that you feel comfortable with and that you can use in the way that you would like to use them.

How to Write an Observation Essay

How to Write an Observation EssayIf you are struggling with writing a good essay, then you should give up writing an observation essay a try. While other forms of essays have, to some extent, changed since the first essays were written, and they do in some ways make use of theories and information that are now obsolete, observation essays can help you get back into the field and continue to work in a professional way. Here are a few tips on how to write an observation essay.You need to define what you are observing. No matter how amazing a thing might seem, it does not change the fact that there are people out there who are very unhappy with it. In other words, if you choose to do something about that, you will need to write about it. Also, if you cannot define what you are observing, you need to show them how you see it. Even if you cannot explain what you are observing, you need to show them how you see it.One thing you need to remember is that a good observation essay will use wha t is going on around it. In other words, what is happening in the world, and the people who are experiencing the world is important. Look at who is experiencing the situation, and how the world is acting. For example, if you observe the falling of snow, then you need to think about what causes this and how it happens.When you are doing an observation essay, you need to make sure that you include your point of view. Just like the world around you, you can also include your point of view in the essay. Also, you need to write about what your interpretation of the event is. It is also important to consider what it means that you wrote this essay.You need to consider a lot of things when you are trying to do a well-written essay. First, it is important to consider what the word 'observation' means. Next, it is important to consider your perspective on the situation. Finally, you need to look at all of the actions in the world, and then the opinions of others that are having an impact on this situation.Writing an observation essay can be tricky, but it can also be a very effective way to make a point about the world we live in. You need to take the time to think about the world you live in, and the world that is out there. You also need to take the time to consider all of the events around you, and how they affect your opinion of the world that surrounds you. This essay can be fun to write, and most people who are trying to do this are very successful.If you need help with this, then consider hiring someone to help you with your essay. If you need someone to come and help you with your essay assignment, then you need to know that there are many different companies out there that will help you with it.

Legal Methods - 4881 Words

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA LEGAL METHODS – 1ST TRIMESTER NOTES – LECTURER FREDA KABATSI Faculty Vision: To train the students in the Faculty of Law to become conscientious and ethical lawyers who have an excellent grounding in legal principles and who will provide leadership in Kenya, East Africa and beyond. OVERVIEW OF LEGAL METHODS * Legal Methods is the study of how law operates in the society and how lawyers, judges and legislative think and do things according to the law. * It is commonly referred to a set of techniques used to analyze and apply the law and to determine the appropriate weight that should be accorded to different sources of law. SOURCES OF CLASSIFICATION OF LAW Means the origin from which human†¦show more content†¦* It is independent from the government functions and provides a forum for the just resolution of disputes. 1. THE SUPREME COURT – ARTICLE 163 * It is established by Article 163 of the Constitution. * It is composed of the Chief Justice who is the president of the Court. * The deputy Chief Justice who deputizes the Chief Justice and is the Vice President of the Court. It has five (5) other Judges. * The Court has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating presidential elections. * It has appellant jurisdiction to hear and determine appeal from: a) The Court of Appeal; b) Other Courts c) Tribunal prescribed by Parliament that relates to the interpretation; d) Application of the Constitution; e) Matters of public concern. * Summary Notes- Chief Justice heads the Court; - The Deputy Chief Justice is his deputy and vice president to the court. - Supreme Court deals with presidential petitions (special cases). - It consists of five (5) Judges 2. THE COURT OF APPEAL - ARTICLE 164 * It is provided by Article 164 of the Constitution; * The president of the Court of Appeal is elected from among the Judges of the Court; * The Court has jurisdiction and powers to hear and determine appeals from the High Court/Court Tribunal; * The Court of Appeal has not less than twelve (12) Judges 3. THE HIGH COURT – ARTICLE 165, THE PRINCIPLE JUDGEShow MoreRelatedLegal Methods, Research And Writing Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesTo be successful in law whether studying or practicing the profession Legal methods, research and writing is a major necessity for those in the legal field. It is nearly impossible to study or practice law without the basic knowledge of legal methods, research and writing. This essay examines the importance of Legal methods, research and whether in school or outside in the legal profession. 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Security in Internet of Things

Question: Discuss about the Security in Internet of Things. Answer: Introduction Internet of things can be defined as the developed technology that uses networked products, sensors, and systemXia et al. 2012). The large scale implementations of the advanced technology of Internet of things have resulted in developing a promising transformation in different aspects of the human life. The vast utilization of Internet of Things has brought a diverse number of potential risks in security options like unauthentic authorization, data theft and drainage of financial resources. The essay is made on the analysis of the standard computers have faced many traditional threats with the risks in Internet of things. The essay has explained that the latest computer worms had affected not only the computers but small Internet of things devices like web cameras, smart televisions, and domestic routers. Analysis of security issues in Internet of things Review of article on security issues of Internet of Things. Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges by Jing et al. 2014 The author has pointed out the different perspective of the issues of security in the applications of the technology of Internet of things. It has been utilized in various aspects and activities like from the household activities. The analysis of the security problems had provided the cross-layer integration and security issues. The comparisons between the traditional network and the Internet of Things have shown the advantages of Internet of things over the traditional process of networking. Causes of Security issues in application of Internet of things- Internet of things requires internet for doing all the operations using online feature of computer peripherals (Tankard 2015). There are risk factors associated with the activities using Internet. Due to the several risk factors, people are avoiding usage of Internet for their day to day activities. There are various factors that have considerable role in affecting the security of the Internet of things devices. Poor Structure of Devices- The security of the Internet of things devices is very crucial as it contains information about its users (Balestrini et al. 2015). The poor configuration of security of these devices is a major cause for the security issues of the Internet of things application. They can act as point of cyber attacks that could facilitate the malfunctioning of the program and the devices. The poor configuration of the devices could expose the data and led to the infiltration of the data and information like credit card information and passwords of different payment platforms. Malfunctioned devices- The malfunctioning of the devices had also created scope for security issues in Internet of things application (Aitken et al. 2014). The manufacturers have decreased the quality of the devices for making them cheap, small and available everywhere. It has resulted in raising the failure of the Internet of things devices from the aspect of the traditional endpoints of connectivity IP address, automated server and proxy servers of the routers. Increase in number of devices- The exponential increase in the use of the internet of things devices have also led to the security issues (Balestrini et al. 2015). The high interconnected nature of the devices has lead to an increase in the number of attacks. The poor security of any one device can affect the resilience and security of the connection on a global scale. According to Smith (2013), Facebook is a single platform that has over a billion users worldwide. Types of security issues in Internet of things application- The security issues of Internet of things products are a result of data breach at any point of the connection. It has led to risk in exchange of data in between the connected devices. The complex chain of connections in Internet of things has lead to these security issues. Unauthorized and Unidentified Access- The most challenging issue with the security breach in internet of things is that these devices have become prone to become accessible and exposed (Aitken et al. 2014). The unattended and not operated Internet of things devices are an easy prey for the malicious attack. The hacker can capture the control of the devices by extracting the cryptography secrets of the devices using various techniques like fishing, malwares and viruses. The login details of the user can be compromised due to these accesses. Unprotected Encryption- Many big companies that provide online transactions use encryption for protecting the personal details and information over their cloud network (Hossain et al. 2015). The small size, incapacity of computation, and low power of the Internet of things devices have added the difficulty to install strong encryption for security measures. The limited processing capacity of the connected device can also lead to the lack of the robust measures of security. Lack of Patches and Updates- The connected devices of Internet of things require updates and several patches after regular interval (Hossain et al. 2015). The users update their devices for making their device immune from the cyber threats. The risk of the security issues have increased for the lack of the patched version of the applications. The lack of technical expertise and economic incentives are the major causes for the absence of developed updates. Figure 1: Security flaws of the IoT devices (Source: Borgohain Kumar and Sanyal 2015) Analysis of Denial of Service Attack in Internet of things- The most significant attack that Internet of things devices face is Denial of service that stands for denial of service (Zargar et al. 2013). The Internet of things devices must ensure the continuous functioning in order to avoid the potential failure of the operations. The Denial of service is a cyber attack that results in growth of frustrations and dissatisfaction among the users. During this attack the user faces continuous negative response for any access request. The company would eventually undergo revenue loss and poor reaction from their potential market. The Denial of service attack exploits the limitation of the TCP/IP protocols for preventing the users from utilizing the legitimate services of the network resources. The Denial of service attack results in flooding the network for disrupting the services (Zargar et al. 2013). The users can be exempted from using the email services, internet access or web browser. Sometimes, the attack would lead to unnecessary drainage of the resources and it would lead in decreasing the bandwidth limit of the server. Comparison of Existing methods of Internet of things security issues- The methods that can be used for solving the security issues of Internet of things are preventing the system breaches, supporting the continuous monitoring, and be supple against attacks. Prevention of System Breaches- Internet of things application must utilize effective security measures for keeping the hackers out of the network. The device needs to be kept at complete secured position from Hackers and breaches. Support the continuous monitoring- Vulnerabilities are noticed in all the security systems. Even the most secured solutions either hardware or software have slackness in preventing future attacks (Amadeo et al. 2014). Hence, all the preventive measures must be checked and monitored. The security system must be constantly upgraded for getting protection against the newer attacks. Supple nature of the system- The system should be made in such a way that even in case of severe data breach, the system could withstand the attack. The damage to the system should be minimized and the recovery of the system and information must be supple. Figure 2: Percentage of use of different security methods for IoT (Source: Amadeo et al. 2014) Methods for reducing security issues in Internet of things- Object level of Security- The best practice for security of Internet of things can be achieved by dealing with the physical level of security that is resulted by logical breach of the network component (Gubbi et al. 2013). The security function of the Internet of things would be present within the web service rather than within the object due to the absence of local resources. The objects would focus on the security parameters, message integrity and secure communication. With the development of technology, the level of security would move towards the object and ultimately it would be embedded. Change of priorities of the security- The development of hacking and cyber criminal technologies have led to consequences of security failure in the Internet of things (Gubbi et al. 2013). The Internet of things has become embedded and it has reached to its complex form with graver scenarios of the security problems. The IPv6 protocol would be helpful for attaining limitless IP addresses with security innovations and standardization. Conclusion Internet of things takes the advantage of the advancements achieved in electronics, computing power, and network interconnections. The large scale implementations of the advanced technology of Internet of things have resulted in developing a promising transformation in different aspects of the human life. Internet of things has risk factors associated with the activities of interconnection. The various factors for security crisis in Internet of things are Poor Structure of Devices, Malfunctioned devices, and Increase in number of devices has affected the security of the connection on a global scale. The types of security issues in Internet of things application are classified into Unauthorized and Unidentified Access, Unprotected Encryption, and Lack of Patches and Updates. The lack of technical expertise and economic incentives are the major causes for the security issue in application of Internet of things. References Aitken, R., Chandra, V., Myers, J., Sandhu, B., Shifren, L. and Yeric, G., 2014, June. Device and technology implications of the Internet of Things. InVLSI Technology (VLSI-Technology): Digest of Technical Papers, 2014 Symposium on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Balestrini, M., Diez, T., Marshall, P., Gluhak, A. and Rogers, Y., 2015. IoT community technologies: leaving users to their own devices or orchestration of engagement?.EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things,1(1). Borgohain, T., Kumar, U. and Sanyal, S., 2015. Survey of security and privacy issues of internet of things.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.02211. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(7), pp.1645-1660. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A.V., Wan, J., Lu, J. and Qiu, D., 2014. Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), pp.2481-2501. Smith, C., 2013. By the numbers: 32 amazing Facebook stats.Digital Marketing Ramblings website. Retrieved August,4, p.2013. Tankard, C., 2015. The security issues of the Internet of Things.Computer Fraud Security,2015(9), pp.11-14. Xia, F., Yang, L.T., Wang, L. and Vinel, A., 2012. Internet of things.International Journal of Communication Systems,25(9), p.1101. Zargar, S.T., Joshi, J. and Tipper, D., 2013. A survey of defense mechanisms against distributed denial of service (DDoS) flooding attacks.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,15(4), pp.2046-2069. Chang, K.D., Chen, J.L., Chen, C.Y. and Chao, H.C., 2012, January. IoT operations management and traffic analysis for Future Internet. InComputing, Communications and Applications Conference (ComComAp), 2012(pp. 138-142). IEEE. Khan, R., Khan, S.U., Zaheer, R. and Khan, S., 2012, December. Future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges. InFrontiers of Information Technology (FIT), 2012 10th International Conference on(pp. 257-260). IEEE. Amadeo, M., Campolo, C., Iera, A. and Molinaro, A., 2014, June. Named data networking for IoT: an architectural perspective. InNetworks and Communications (EuCNC), 2014 European Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Hossain, M.M., Fotouhi, M. and Hasan, R., 2015, June. Towards an Analysis of Security Issues, Challenges, and Open Problems in the Internet of Things. In2015 IEEE World Congress on Services(pp. 21-28). IEEE.

St. Alphonsus Rodriguez Essay Example For Students

St. Alphonsus Rodriguez Essay Born at Segovia in Spain, 25 July, 1532; died at Majorca, 31 October, 1617. On account of the similarity of names he is often confounded with Father Rodriguez the author of Christian Perfection, who though eminent in his holiness was never canonized. The Saint was a Jesuit lay-brother who entered the Society at the age of forty. He was the son of a wool merchant who had been reduced to poverty when Alfonso was still young. At the age of twenty-six he married Mary Suarez, a woman of his own station, and at thirty-one found himself a widower with one surviving child, the other two having died previously. From that time he began a life of prayer and mortification, although separated from the world around him. On the death of his third child his thoughts turned to a life in some religious order. Previous associations had brought him into contact with the first Jesuits who had come to Spain, Bl. Peter Faber among others, but it was apparently impossible to carry out his purpose of enterin g the Society, as he was without education, having only had an incomplete year at a new college begun at Alcala by Francis Villanueva. At the age of thirty-nine he attempted to make up this deficiency by following the course at the College of Barcelona, but without success. His austerities had also undermined his health. After considerable delay he was finally admitted into the Society of Jesus as a lay-brother, 31 January, 1571. Distinct novitiates had not as yet been established in Spain, and Alfonso began his term of probation at Valencia or Gandia this point is a subject of dispute and after six months was sent to the recently-founded college at Majorca, where he remained in the humble position of porter for forty-six years, exercising a marvelous influence on the sanctification not only of the members of the household, but upon a great number of people who came to the porters lodge for advice and direction. Among the distinguished Jesuits who came under his influence was St. Peter Clavier, who lived with him for some time at Majorca, and who followed his advice in asking for the missions of South America. The bodily mortifications which he imposed on himself were extreme, the scruples and mental agitation to which he was subject were of frequent occurrence, his obedience absolute, and his absorption in spiritual things even when engaged on most distracting employments, continual. It has often been said that he was the author of the well known Little Office of the Immaculate Conception, and the claim is made by Alegambe, Southwell, and even by the Fathers de Backer in their Bibliothque de la Compagnie de Jsus. Apart from the fact that the brother did not have the requisite education for such a task, Father Costurer says positively that the office he used was taken from an old copy printed out of Spain, and Father Colin asserts that it existed before the Saints time. It may be admitted, however, that through him it was popularized. He left a considerable number of manuscripts after him, some of which have been published as Obras Espirituales del B. Alonso Rodriguez (Barcelona, 1885, 3 vols., octavo, complete edition, 8 vols. in quarto). They have no pretense to style; they are sometimes only reminiscences of domestic exhortations; the texts are often repeated; the illustrations are from every-day life; the treatment of one virtue occasionally trenches on another; but they are remarkable for the correctness and soundness of their doctrine and the profound spiritual knowledge which they reveal. They were not written with a view to publication, but put down by the Saint himself, or dictated to others, in obedience to a positive command of his superiors. He was declared Venerable in 1626. In 1633 he was chosen by the Council General of Majorca as one of the special patrons of the city and island. In 1760 Clement XIII decreed that the virtues of the Venerable Alonso were proved to be of a heroic degree; but the expulsion of the Society f rom Spain in 1773, and its suppression, delayed his beatification until 1825. His canonization took place 6 September, 1887. His remains are enshrined at Majorca. .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .postImageUrl , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:hover , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:visited , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:active { border:0!important; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:active , .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue529e57512b54341f45b0d5cc598c66f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parisian buses Essay We will write a custom essay on St. Alphonsus Rodriguez specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

The life of Normal Stars like essays

The life of Normal Stars like essays The Life of Normal Stars, like our Sun: Have you ever wondered if the stars ever died? Our Sun is a star that is already traveling down the road to dying but though it may take millions of years but it is happening. There are certain stages that the Sun and stars with the same mass will go through to die. The first stage is the Protostar stage. A normal star with a normal mass of Hydrogen and a large diameter will begin. In this stage, the Sun had a diameter five times of what the Sun has now. Gravity pulls the Protostar into itself which causes energetic flares. The flares are Hydrogen and other element particles due to shifts in it developing magnetic field. However, the star does not have a core yet. When the contraction between gravity and temperature starts to be sufficient enough, it will begin a process called Hydrogen-fusion, which will change Hydrogen into Helium (Lochner 1 of 3). Theories state that the temperatures while the fusion is occuring are around five to ten billion degrees Celsius. Then the star will begin to have a core. 1. The first reaction for the fusion fuses two protons of Hydrogen together. It then produces an isotope of Hydrogen called Deuterium, a positron, which is the exact opposite of an electron, and an electron neutrino: A proton has has a positive charge and is one unit in mass. When it is added during fusion it may split into two particles, a neutron with no charge and one unit in mass , and a positron with a positive charge and no mass. 2. The second reaction fuses one Deutrerium atom with another Hydrogen proton and then produces an isotope of Helium and a gamma ray: This is the process called fusion and the Helium will start new reactions. Some stars will age slower than others depending on their Hydrogen content (Dreyer 1 of 1). Now the protostar is ready to become a main-sequence star. The new core begins to react and produces x-rays, though th ...

Challenges Facing the Field of Organizational Change Management

In the modern day business world, organizations are facing more changes than it has been witnessed ever before. One of the factors that have brought about the rapid change is globalization that has led to an increase in today’s market’s growth and revenue increase. Organizational change management is a field that gives guidelines for preparation, equipping and supporting individuals to be successful in adopting change with the view of driving organizational success and outcomes. However most of the changes and individuals are unique, research has proven that some actions can be taken to influence affected people in their transitions. It is a discipline that provides a structured approach of how individuals can be supported in their organization to be able to successfully transit from their current status to that if the future  (Dyer, 2017). Most precisely, organizational change management is a framework that is aimed at managing the effect of new business processes ch anges in the structure of an organization or enterprise cultural changes. While there are laid approaches towards change management, there also exist several challenges in the same field  (Buchanan, 2014). The primary aim of this paper is to explore the challenges facing the organizational change management field. The exploration will involve a literature review in the challenges facing the field of organizational change management followed by a critique of the same. Different authors have taken an interest in the subject of organizational change management, probably because it is a critical subject that determines how organizations are likely to adapt to changes in their organizations. According to different schools of thought, various challenges are associated in the field. However different authors take different angles in analyzing the challenges, their arguments seem to have a common focal point. According to one school of thought, organizations either change or remain the same. According to the author, one of the challenges in the field of organizational change management is resistance to change. The author argues that people are status quo biased and that they are willing to get low pay struggling to get into a stable organization  (Gioia, 2016). He further argues that resistance to change usually has political motives and that people tend to resist changes whose origin is political adversaries. He argues that people may resist a change directly either through political influence or indirectly through passive aggressive behavior. According to the author, another challenge is an unknown current state. He says that it would be difficult for an architect to repair a building without first looking at the existing blueprints. He claims that most of the organizations often try to change without having a glimpse at their blueprints, something that fuels the complexity of the building’s architecture. This blind move makes it difficult to transition to a future state  (Lewis, 2017). Another challenge is integration. The author likens managing a large organization to repairing an aircraft while it's still on the flight. He says that change is a moving target and therefore implementing a process will change the business processes it supports. He further argues that changing n organizational structure will lead to employee turnover occurring in parallel. He concludes by saying that long-running changes with many integration points are usually prone to failure. Another challenge according to this author is competitive forces. He says that in most of the times organizational change is influenced by external forces such as competition, technological change, market conditions, external threats and economic forces. Organizations may plan to change to respond to external threats. He argues that however if a competitor releases a product that is many years ahead of your product chances are there that you are driven to an extreme pace of change whose likelihood of failure is too high  (De Massis, 2018). According to the same author, another challenge in the organizational change management field is complexity. He says that when organizations develop more complex systems, processes and product change become very challenging to make and therefore complexity of a change is a big barrier. He argues that complex changes need an effective and efficient project, quality, knowledge, risk and change management. He concludes by giving a change management principle that says that one should never tackle a change which is too complex for his organization to manage. According to another school of thought, one of the challenges facing organizational change management is planning. The author argues that without stepwise planning an organizational change would bring about more problems than the benefits it is anticipated to bring. He argues that you need to precisely need to know which changes are to take place and how they’ll occur. Overall, the author advises prior planning of how the change will be executed. According to the same author, another challenge is lack of consensus  (Ololube, 2017). He argues that failing to involve everyone in the corporate changes will lead to increased barriers to the change execution. He advises that a decision to make corporate changes should originate from the top organizational level. He also says that the associated management level staff should be present to be in a position to deal with the challenges otherwise the staff will dissent. Another challenge according to the same author is failing communication. He argues that failing to communicate to all employees in the organization beforoe the change brings about fear and rumors in the entire organization especially if facing major changes such as downsizing or emergence. Communication failure brings about the uncertainty that makes the employees feel that they are not part of the decision  (Pettigrew, 2016). He advises involvement of employees and updating them regarding the plans and progress towards the implementation of the change. Another challenge is employee resistance. He argues that sometimes employees resist change especially when they had become comfortable with the way their organization runs. It is because they have been used to what is expected of them in the organization. He argues that some major changes disrupt the familiarity of the employees thereby making them upset. In this case, the employees are not willing to relearn their jobs or change th e way they used to undertake their duties. That becomes an enorbigmous challenge. He concludes by advising that provision of training for any new responsibilities as well as supporting then will ease the transition. Now, according to another school of thought, one of these challenges is lack of employee involvement. He argues that that is the main and common barrier to effective change management  (Senge, 2015). He argues that most of the employees have a fear towards change and that there is the likelihood that even the most loyal employees would resist the change if they were not involved. He further argues that failing to involve employees in the change execution process lead to fear of the unknown and the lack of desire to support the change which eventually becomes very challenging  (Grosser, 2015). According to the same author, another challenge is lack of effective communication strategy. He argues that in some organizations when some of the top leaders announce a change and assume that people will automatically adjust to the new change which is not the case  (Meyer, 2015). The author argues that this approach is the silliest way to introduce a change and therefore it usually leads to change resistance. He says that employees need to know how the change will affect them as well as how they will be able to adapt it. Another challenge according to this school of thought is bad culture shift planning. The author argues that sometimes the planning team lacks the idea that the change will affect the people. He claims that in most of the times the team concentrates on planning the administrative structure, job responsibilities and work reporting structure ignoring decisions regarding feelings and intuitions. By so doing, that becomes a challenge to change management  (Kiefer, 2014). Another challenge according to this author is an unknown current state. He says that many organizations tend to introduce and to implement a change without assessing and understanding their current blueprint. He suggests that this can be overcome through a full understanding of the current corporate's blueprint before formulating or implementing any change. Another challenge is organizational complexity. He argues that sometimes organizations start developing complex processes, something that makes the process of planning and implementing a change very challenging  (Stensaker, 2015). He argues that these complexities include complex products, processes, and systems which act as change barriers because they are difficult for the organization members to understand. He suggests a solution that an organization can counter this barrier by making use of a quality, diligent and effective change management approach  (Tushman, 2016). He says that it is wise not to tackle a change that is too complex for an organization. He also advises that it is not wise to implement complex changes if the organization does not have the maturity to handle the complex change. According to the literature review conducted above concerning the challenges facing the organizational change management field, it has been evident that different authors have different approaches to the same subject as well as different thoughts and ideas. However, at some point, their arguments have the same baseline. In considering the first author, his arguments are precisely true, and much evidence has been garnered to support the arguments. As seen in the above literature review, the author has come up with the challenges that are facing organizations in the contemporary world. It seems that the author conducted enough research to know what the modern day organizations are facing  (Kuipers, 2015). The explanations provided by the author are valid and convincing. Taking an example, the author said that one of the challenges facing organizational change management is resistance to change. He began by hinting that people are status quo biased and went ahead to prove the same by showing that they can easily opt to get a lower pay to get into a stable organization rather than getting a higher pay in a changing organization. He goes ahead and provides the reason as to why people may resist change and finally illustrates how they resist the change. That is a sure indication of enough pre-conducted research on the study topic. However the author has strong points, he is too brief. The author is dedicated to tackling key points rather than giving full explanations, and this is one of the drawbacks of his piece. According to his principle on complexity barrier, organizations should not tackle complex changes  (Buck, 2015). This principle, however workable, is a discouragement to organizations as it drives that view that some impossibilities in change management are beyond solution  (Kiel, 2014). That is not true, in the business world, every problem has a solution, and therefore the author should have given a solution to the problem rather than arguing for not giving it a trial. The second author has taken the topic at a different angle. He has looked at the challenges of organizational change management from the employee’s point of view rather than the organizational point of view. He has looked at the factors that may make the employees unwilling to adjust to the change such as poor planning, poor communication as well as lack of consensus. The arguments are true and have enough explanations. The author has in fact taken time to deeply explain his arguments so that they can be easily understood. The challenges given by the author apply to organizations in the modern day business world and thus helpful. While his arguments are true and practical, the author should not have looked at the challenges in the employees’ point of view only  (Cameron, 2015). The author should also have looked at the same in the organization perspective such as competitive forces, an unknown current state among others. That would have been more helpful. The third author has not done any research concerning the subject. His arguments are just a copy cut of the first author’s arguments. As seen from the literature review, the same challenges given by the first author are the same challenges given by the third author. The author lacks originality and distortion of initial message in the zeal of attaining uniqueness is evident. His arguments are weak with the usage of offensive words such as â€Å"the silliest approach.† Overall, the author has not introduced anything new on the subject. Change is indisputably one of the hardest things to adapt. This fact poses a major threat to companies wishing to change their structure, systems or operations with the fear that the affected stakeholders may not be willing to accept the change. Many authors have given several challenges, but the bottom line is that employees will hardly accept and adopt changes. However, there is an opportunity to provide solutions for these challenges by proper planning and involving all the affected members. Therefore, organizations should not be afraid of making major changes especially if they bring positive impacts to the company. Buchanan, D., 2014. No going back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(8), pp.43-69. Buck, T., 2015. Long-term orientation and international joint venture strategies in modern China. International Business Review, 6(89), pp.58-64. Cameron, E., 2015. Making sense of change management. 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The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations, 8(45), pp.12-22. Stensaker, I., 2015. Change management choices and trajectories in a multidivisional firm. British Journal of Management, 9(6), pp.61-87. Tushman, M., 2016. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California management review, 6(8), pp.56-85.